Bullying and Self-Concept, Factors Affecting the Mental Health of School Adolescents.

Bullying is an aggressive and repetitive behavior, where one person or several people physically, socially, or emotionally harm a vulnerable person and provokean imbalance of power in a school setting. Several factors such as age, sex, school performance, psychological factors, and ethnicity have been associated with bullying and more are being sought. Thus, the objectives of this study were as follows: (1) analyze the differences in bullying (victimization and aggression) and self-concept (academic, social, emotional, family, and physical) with respect to sex, school location, and educational level among Spanish adolescents; (2) explore the associations of bullying and self-concept with these sociodemographic dimensions. A cross-sectional study was designed with a total of 1155 participants (between 12 and 18 years old); there were 48.8% boys and 51.2% girls, where 75.9% studied compulsory secondary education (CSE) and 24.1% Baccalaureate, and 31.9% were students from rural schools and 68.1% were from urban schools. Medium and inverse correlations were shown between victimization and self-concept at the general level, for both sexes, both types of school, and both educational stages. For the aggression dimension, the correlations with self-concept were inverse at the general level (low), in girls (low), in rural students (medium), and in compulsory secondary education students (medium). For academic self-concept and family self-concept, the associations were medium and inverse with bullying in all variables. For emotional self-concept the correlation with bullying was direct and medium in all variables; in physical self-concept, the correlations with bullying were inverse in almost all variables except in boys. Self-concept may be a protective factor for bullying and interventions should aim at adolescents building a positive multidimensional self-concept that prevents and protects them from bullying either as aggressor or victim.

Normative Values and Psychometric Properties of EQ-5D-Y-3L in Chilean Youth Population among Different Weight Statuses.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to provide population norms among children and adolescents in Chile using the EQ-5D-Y-3L questionnaire and to examine its feasibility and validity among body weight statuses. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study in which 2204 children and adolescents (aged 8-18 years) from Chile completed a set of questionnaires providing sociodemographic, anthropometric and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) data using the five EQ-5D-Y-3L dimensions and its visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS). Descriptive statistics of the five dimensions and the EQ-VAS were categorized into body weight status groups for the EQ-5D-Y-3L population norms. The ceiling effect, feasibility and discriminant/convergent validity of the EQ-5D-Y-3L were tested. RESULTS: The dimensions of the EQ-5D-Y-3L questionnaire presented more ceiling effects than the EQ-VAS. The validity showed that the EQ-VAS could discriminate among body weight statuses. However, the EQ-5D-Y-3L index (EQ-Index) demonstrated a non-acceptable discriminant validity. Furthermore, both the EQ-Index and the EQ-VAS presented an acceptable concurrent validity among weight statuses. CONCLUSIONS: The normative values of the EQ-5D-Y-3L indicated its potential use as a reference for future studies. However, the validity of the EQ-5D-Y-3L for comparing the HRQoL among weight statuses could be insufficient.

Fibromyalgia, Pain, and Physical Activity: A Bibliometric Analysis.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a rheumatic disease characterized by pain, fatigue, low-quality sleep, depression, anxiety, stiffness, fall risk, mood disturbance, cognitive impairment, poor physical condition, and other symptoms leading to a worse quality of life. Physical activity (PA) and exercise are effective methods to reduce FM symptoms, including pain. This study presents the first bibliometric study on FM, pain, and PA. An advanced search of the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database performed on this topic using was carried out traditional bibliometric laws. A total of 737 documents were found. Annual publications presented an exponentially growing trend (R2 = 85.3%). Rheumatology International, Kaisa Mannerkorpi, and the USA were the journal, co-author, and country most productive, respectively. The exponential growth of annual publications on FM, PA, and pain shows the high interest of researchers and publishers in this topic. The document "Fibromyalgia A Clinical Review" was the most cited. Moreover, Kaisa Mannerkorpi was the most prolific co-author, Rheumatology International was the most prolific journal, "Fibromyalgia: a clinical review" was the most highly cited document, and Daniel Clauw was the most cited co-author.

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Versions of EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L in Children with Cancer: A Comparative Study.

(1) Background: The recent published version with five levels of response of EQ-5D-Y needs to be studied in children with chronic illness. For this, the aim of the present study was to assess and compare the psychometric properties of EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L in terms of feasibility, ceiling effect, redistribution properties, informativity and inconsistence responses in children with cancer. (2) Methods: A core set of self-report tools, including the Spanish version of EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L, were administered to children drawn from the population with cancer. EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L were evaluated in terms of feasibility, ceiling effects, redistribution properties and differences in absolute and relative informativity. (3) Results: A total of 73 children (9.7 ± 2.3 years old) from the population with cancer participated in the study. No missing data in the new EQ-5D-Y-5L were visualized, so the feasibility was acceptable. EQ-5D-Y-5L showed a low ceiling effect in all dimensions with relative changes from EQ-5D-Y-3L to EQ-5D-Y-5L of between 15.3% and 42.4% for the dimensions and 44.6% for the overall system. Compared to EQ-5D-Y-3L, EQ-5D-Y-5L provided a better distribution of the severity of the problem in the five levels of response. The absolute informativity (Shannon's index) did not show statistically significant differences between EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L in all dimensions and the overall system. (4) Conclusions: EQ-5D-Y-5L is feasible, presenting a low ceiling effect and high discriminative power.

Science Mapping: A Bibliometric Analysis on Cyberbullying and the Psychological Dimensions of the Self.

Cyberbullying prevalence is increasing in the world, being a form of abuse that follows victims into their most intimate settings. Cyberbullying affects victims' mental health, self-esteem, emotions, and academic performance. Cyberbullies present low levels of self-control and empathy. This research aimed to map scientific research on Cyberbullying and the Psychological Dimensions of the Self. A bibliometric analysis of scientific documents published in journals indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) was performed. Traditional bibliometric laws were applied and VOSviewer was used to generate visualizations. The annual publications followed exponential growth. Computers in Human Behaviour was the journal with the most publications. Researchers from the USA and Spain were the most prolific. Sameer Hinduja and Justin Patchin were the most cited authors. Hence, there is a growing interest among researchers in Cyberbullying and the emotional aspects of children and adolescents. The USA and Spain were the leading countries in research on this subject. Rosario Ortega-Ruiz, Sameer Hinduja and Justin Patchin were the most prolific and influential authors.

Comparison of the Psychometric Properties of the EQ-5D-3L-Y and EQ-5D-5L-Y Instruments in Spanish Children and Adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of EQ-5D-5L-Y and to compare the performance of EQ-5D-5L-Y with EQ-5D-3L-Y in children and adolescents. METHODS: The Spanish versions of the 3L and 5L of EQ-5D for youths, were administered to children and adolescents from the general population. Feasibility and reliability were determined for the EQ-5D-5L-Y. The EQ-5D-5L-Y and EQ-5D-3L-Y were evaluated in terms of ceiling effects, informativity, and correlations with other generic measurements of health-related quality of life. RESULTS: A total of 714 healthy children and adolescents (10.7 ± 2.1 years old) from the general population participated in the study. Most of the sample reported full health status. The feasibility and reliability for the EQ-5D-5L-Y were acceptable, but the questionnaire showed a low convergent validity. Absolute informativity (Shannon index) showed a slight increase in all dimensions of the 5L compared with the 3L; nevertheless, there were only statistically significant differences between 5L and 3L in the dimension "feeling worried, sad, or unhappy" and also on the overall system. Relative informativity (Shannon evenness index) showed a decrease in the 5L compared with 3L for all dimensions, except for "looking after myself." Correlations with other health measurements, in both 3L and 5L, showed similar results to those observed in the international EQ-5D-3L-Y validation study. CONCLUSION: The results show that EQ-5D-5L-Y is feasible, consistent, and reliable, but there are minor differences in the ceiling effect and informativity between the EQ-5D-5L-Y and EQ-5D-3L-Y versions in the general population.

Estimation of Pubertal Growth Spurt Parameters in Children and Adolescents Living at Moderate Altitude in Colombia.

Objective: Knowledge of the biological parameters of pubertal growth spurt allows verification of secular changes and exploration of the timing of puberty. The aim of the study was to estimate final height, age at peak height velocity (APHV), and peak height velocity PHV (cm/y) in children and adolescents living at moderate altitude in Colombia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed in 2.295 schoolchildren from Bogotá (Colombia) with an age range from 5.0 to 18.9 years. Height (cm) was assessed. Preece-Baines model 1 (1PB) was used to make inferences about mathematical and biological parameters. Results: The five mathematical parameters estimated in general have reflected quality in the fit to the model, reflecting a small residual error. Final height was reached in boys at 170.8 ± 0.4 cm and in girls at 157.9 ± 0.2 cm. APHV was estimated at 12.71 ± 0.1 years in boys and 10.4 ± 0.2 years in girls. Girls reached APHV 2.2 years earlier than boys. In relation to PHV (cm/y), boys reached higher growth speed in height (7.4 ± 0.4 cm/y), and in girls it was (7.0 ± 0.2 cm/y). Conclusion: It was determined that final height was reached at 170.8 ± 0.4 cm in boys and 157.9 ± 0.2 cm in girls, and APHV (years) and PHV (cm/ye) were reached relatively early and with average peak velocity similar to Asian and Western populations. A large-scale longitudinal study is needed to confirm these findings.

The Effect of Social Isolation on Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic in France.

The objective of this cross-sectional study is to analyze the changes in physical activity (PA) practice of a sample of 2099 French adults, mostly females, who answered an online questionnaire during the first COVID-19 lockdown (March-May 2020). A descriptive analysis of participants was performed using relative frequencies. Chi-squared tests were performed to compare the responses of selected variables. Multinomial logistic regressions were performed to compare the variations of PA with all the variables identified. The age of participants ranged from 18 to 88. Among people who practiced PAs before the first lockdown, the probability to keep practicing PAs is higher among those with a lower level of education, among housewives and retirees and among those who lived in cities of 10,000-19,999 inhabitants. For those who did not practice PAs before the social distancing, the probability of starting to practice is greater in those with a lower level of education and for those who suffered from a chronic disease. Our results place the emphasis on the complexity and multifactoriality of the changes that emerged during the first lockdown. The "education" factor emerges, as a significant determinant of PA that should certainly be explored further.

Role for Physical Fitness in the Association between Age and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Mediation Analysis of the SABE Colombia Study.

Objectives. We investigated the association between physical fitness and cognitive status. Further, we examined whether physical fitness mediates the association between cognitive functioning and aging. Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. Urban and rural Colombian older adults. Methods. 4416 participants from the SABE study were included in the current analysis. Physical fitness was assessed with the handgrip test and the usual gait speed test. Cognitive status was evaluated through the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination. A parallel mediation path was used to test the possible mediator role of physical fitness between aging and cognitive functioning. Results. Older adults with lower handgrip strength (HGS) were more likely to have mild-cognitive status than older adults with healthy HGS (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.15; 2.02). In addition, older adults with a slower gait speed were more likely to have mild cognitive impairment (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.54; 2.78). Age had an inverse relationship with cognitive function (ß = -0.110, 95% CI = -0.130; -0.100) and it was also inversely associated with HGS (ß = -0.003, 95% CI = -0.005; -0.002) and gait speed (ß = -0.010, 95% CI = -0.011; -0.009). The indirect effects, which indicate that the effect of age on cognitive function is transmitted through mediators, showed that both gait speed (ß = -0.028, 95% CI = -0.036; -0.020) and HGS (ß = -0.014, 95% CI = -0.024; -0.005) were independent mediators of the detrimental effect of aging on cognitive function. Conclusions. Physical fitness mediates the effects of aging on cognitive functioning. Our findings suggest that physical activity can be a key factor to prevent cognitive deterioration during aging process.

Asociación entre relaciones peso-estatura y grasa subcutánea en jóvenes universitarios peruanos / Association between weight-height ratios and subcutaneous fat in young Peruvian university students

Introducción: La distribución de la grasa corporal ha sido asociada significativamente como elemento de predicción del factor de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. El objetivo del estudio fueron verificar la aplicabilidad de los índices antropométricos estaturo-ponderales (Índice de masa corporal IMC e índice de masa triponderal IMT) para valorar la adiposidad corporal en jóvenes estudiantes universitarios peruanos. Material y métodos: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo (correlacional) en jóvenes universitarios. Se investigaron 210 sujetos de ambos sexos (59 varones y 151 mujeres) con un rango de edad de 18 a 25 años de una universal nacional de Arequipa. Se evaluó e peso, la estatura y cuatro pliegues cutáneos (bicipital, tricipital, subescapular y supra iliaco). Se calculó el índice de masa corporal IMC e índice triponderal (IMT). Resultados: Las relaciones entre índices antropométricos con la sumatoria de 4 pliegues cutáneos fueron significativas en ambos sexos. En varones, la relación entre sumatoria de pliegues con IMC fue de R2= 75% y con el IMT fue de R2= 73%. En mujeres, la relación de sumatoria de pliegues con el IMC fue de R2= 63% y con el IMT de R2= 57%. Hubo diferencias significativas entre las tres categorías (alto, medio y bajo), tanto para IMC, como para IMT y en ambos sexos (p<0,05). Conclusión: En ambos sexos, se observó una asociación significativa entre el IMC y el IMT con el sumatorio de pliegues subcutáneos. Estos hallazgos sugieren que tanto el IMC como el IMT resultan útiles para estimar adiposidad corporal en estudiantes universitarios peruanos. (AU)

Introduction: Body fat distribution has been significantly associated as a predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factor. The aim of the study was to verify the applicability of the anthropometric staturo-weight indices (Body Mass Index BMI and Triponderal Mass Index TMI) to assess body adiposity in young Peruvian university students. Material and methods: A descriptive (correlational) study was carried out in young university students. We investigated 210 subjects of both sexes (59 males and 151 females) with an age range of 18 to 25 years from a national university in Arequipa. Weight, height and four skinfolds (bicipital, tricipital, subscapular and supra iliac) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI) and triponderal index (TMI) were calculated. Results: The relationships between anthropometric indices and the sum of 4 skinfolds were significant in both sexes. In men, the relationship between the sum of skinfolds with BMI was R2= 75% and with the TMI was R2= 73%. In females, the relationship between the sum of folds with BMI was R2= 63% and with TMI was R2= 57%. There were significant differences between the three categories (high, medium and low), both for BMI and TMI and in both sexes (p<0.05). Conclusion: In both sexes, there was a significant association between BMI and IMT with the sum of subcutaneous folds. These findings suggest that both BMI and TMI are useful to estimate body adiposity in Peruvian university students. (AU)

Physical activity, screen time and subjective well-being among children / Actividad física, tiempo frente a la pantalla y bienestar subjetivo en niños

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to explore the differences between physical activity and/or screen time levels on cognitive (Life satisfaction LS) and affective (Positive affect, PA and Negative affect NA) components of subjective well-being (SWB) in children. METHOD: This cross-sectional study enrolled 1,540 children (1,040 boys, 8-12 years old). LS, PA, NA, physical activity and screen time were assessed with validated questionnaires. RESULTS: Children who reported 3 days per week of physical activity or less had lower LS and PA than counterparts with ≥ 6 days of physical activity per week (p < .05). Participants who reported 2 hours per day or less of screen time had lower NA than counterparts with 4 hours per day or more of screen time (p < .05). Also, children who meet physical activity guidelines have higher LS and PA compared to inactive peers, even with high screen time. In contrast, excessive screen time was also related with NA independent of the level of physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that physical activity is related with positive feelings and LS, but does not eliminate the effect of screen time on negative feelings among Chilean children

INTRODUCCIÓN/OBJETIVO: Este estudio explora las diferencias entre la actividad física y/o los niveles de tiempo de pantalla en los componentes cognitivo (Satisfacción de la vida SV) y afectivo (Afecto positivo AP y Afecto negativo AN) del bienestar subjetivo en niños. MÉTODO: Se incluyó a 1.540 niños (1.040 niños, 8 a 12 años). La SV, AP, AN, actividad física y tiempo de pantalla se evaluaron con cuestionarios validados. RESULTADOS: Los niños que informaron 3 días/semana de actividad física o menos tenían menos SV y AP que sus homólogos con 6 días/semana de actividad física o más (p < 0,05). Los que informaron menos de 2 horas por día de tiempo de pantalla tuvieron menos AN que sus homólogos con más o igual a 4 horas por día de tiempo de pantalla (p < 0,05). Además, los niños que cumplen con las pautas de actividad física tienen mayor SV y AP en comparación con los inactivos, incluso con un tiempo de pantalla elevado. Por el contrario, el tiempo de pantalla excesivo también se relacionó con el AN independientemente del nivel de actividad física. CONCLUSIONES: Los hallazgos sugieren que la actividad física está relacionada con emociones positivas y SV, pero no elimina el efecto del tiempo de pantalla en las emociones negativas

Physical activity, screen time and subjective well-being among children.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to explore the differences between physical activity and/or screen time levels on cognitive (Life satisfaction LS) and affective (Positive affect, PA and Negative affect NA) components of subjective well-being (SWB) in children. METHOD: This cross-sectional study enrolled 1,540 children (1,040 boys, 8-12 years old). LS, PA, NA, physical activity and screen time were assessed with validated questionnaires. RESULTS: Children who reported 3 days per week of physical activity or less had lower LS and PA than counterparts with ≥6 days of physical activity per week (p < .05). Participants who reported 2 hours per day or less of screen time had lower NA than counterparts with 4 hours per day or more of screen time (p < .05). Also, children who meet physical activity guidelines have higher LS and PA compared to inactive peers, even with high screen time. In contrast, excessive screen time was also related with NA independent of the level of physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that physical activity is related with positive feelings and LS, but does not eliminate the effect of screen time on negative feelings among Chilean children.

INTRODUCCIÓN/OBJETIVO: Este estudio explora las diferencias entre la actividad física y/o los niveles de tiempo de pantalla en los componentes cognitivo (Satisfacción de la vida SV) y afectivo (Afecto positivo AP y Afecto negativo AN) del bienestar subjetivo en niños. MÉTODO: Se incluyó a 1.540 niños (1.040 niños, 8 a 12 años). La SV, AP, AN, actividad física y tiempo de pantalla se evaluaron con cuestionarios validados. RESULTADOS: Los niños que informaron 3 días/semana de actividad física o menos tenían menos SV y AP que sus homólogos con 6 días/semana de actividad física o más (p < 0,05). Los que informaron menos de 2 horas por día de tiempo de pantalla tuvieron menos AN que sus homólogos con más o igual a 4 horas por día de tiempo de pantalla (p < 0,05). Además, los niños que cumplen con las pautas de actividad física tienen mayor SV y AP en comparación con los inactivos, incluso con un tiempo de pantalla elevado. Por el contrario, el tiempo de pantalla excesivo también se relacionó con el AN independientemente del nivel de actividad física. CONCLUSIONES: Los hallazgos sugieren que la actividad física está relacionada con emociones positivas y SV, pero no elimina el efecto del tiempo de pantalla en las emociones negativas.

The global burden of falls: global, regional and national estimates of morbidity and mortality from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: Falls can lead to severe health loss including death. Past research has shown that falls are an important cause of death and disability worldwide. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) provides a comprehensive assessment of morbidity and mortality from falls. METHODS: Estimates for mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were produced for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017 for all ages using the GBD 2017 framework. Distributions of the bodily injury (eg, hip fracture) were estimated using hospital records. RESULTS: Globally, the age-standardised incidence of falls was 2238 (1990-2532) per 100 000 in 2017, representing a decline of 3.7% (7.4 to 0.3) from 1990 to 2017. Age-standardised prevalence was 5186 (4622-5849) per 100 000 in 2017, representing a decline of 6.5% (7.6 to 5.4) from 1990 to 2017. Age-standardised mortality rate was 9.2 (8.5-9.8) per 100 000 which equated to 695 771 (644 927-741 720) deaths in 2017. Globally, falls resulted in 16 688 088 (15 101 897-17 636 830) YLLs, 19 252 699 (13 725 429-26 140 433) YLDs and 35 940 787 (30 185 695-42 903 289) DALYs across all ages. The most common injury sustained by fall victims is fracture of patella, tibia or fibula, or ankle. Globally, age-specific YLD rates increased with age. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the burden of falls is substantial. Investing in further research, fall prevention strategies and access to care is critical.

Effects of an exercise program linked to primary care on depression in elderly: fitness as mediator of the improvement.

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to analyse the effects of 12 months of participation in a public physical activity program linked to primary care on depression level and fitness, and to determine which fitness components were responsible for the improvement in depression using mediation analysis. METHODS: Participants of this program were 2768 middle-aged and older adults from 67 municipalities throughout the Spanish region of Extremadura. In the analysis only participants with depression and without any missing values for fitness variables were included. This sample was 303 for exercise group and 74 for control group. Socio-demographic data, Geriatric Depression Scale and some fitness tests were applied at baseline and 1 year later. Exercise group performed the program 3 days/week for 50-60 min per session involving brisk walking with intermittent flexibility, strength and balance activities/exercises. Socializing within the group was encouraged in all sessions. Data analysis included analysis of covariance, chi-squared and effect size statistics. Additionally, a parallel model of mediation analysis was performed to determine the indirect effect of the participation in the exercise program on depression through improvements in fitness. RESULTS: A considerable reduction from mild, moderate or severe depression to non-depression were obtained for exercise group (68%) P-value < .05. The parallel mediation analysis showed that flexibility (sit-and-reach [ß - 0.04 (- 0.07 to - 0.01)], back scratch [ß - 0.06 (- 0.12 to - 0.02)]) and cardiorespiratory fitness (6-min walk [ß - 0.09 (- 0.15 to - 0.04)]) were mediators of the reduction in depression. CONCLUSION: This exercise program was effective in improving depression in older adults. Integrating aerobic and flexibility exercises in a group-based program of physical activity programs could improve the severity of depression in this population.

Fitness as a Mediator of the Enhancement of Quality of Life after a 6-Months Exercise Program.

Purpose: The study aimed to test whether improvement in fitness components, mediates the changes in Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) after exercise intervention in overweight and obese children. Methods and design: 170 obese and overweight children (121 exercise group and 49 control group) participated in a public exercise program based on sports practice for 6 months, 2 h per week. Anthropometry, physical fitness, and HRQoL were measured. Magnitude-based inferences and Cohen's effect size were performed to analyze the program effect. To know which physical fitness components mediated the improvement on children's HRQoL, multiple mediation analyses were performed. Results: the analysis showed a moderate effect on some fitness components and a moderate and small effect on HRQoL. The improvement of agility or cardiorespiratory fitness showed a significant indirect effect on the enhancements in some HRQoL dimensions. Conclusion: after a 6-months exercise program in overweight and obese children, all physical fitness components improved, being responsible for the improvement of the HRQoL, agility and cardiorespiratory fitness.

Traducción y adaptación cultural del cuestionario exercise fear avoidance scale para su uso en adultos mayores chilenos / Translation and cultural adaptation of the Exercise Fear Avoidance Scale for Chilean older adults / Tradução e adaptação cultural do questionário de escala do exercício para evitar o uso em idosos chilenos

RESUMEN Objetivo Traducir y adaptar culturalmente el cuestionario Exercise Fear Avoidance Scale (EFAS) al español para su uso en adultos mayores chilenos. Materiales y Métodos Doble traducción directa con armonización de versiones, retro-traducción y análisis de la comprensibilidad mediante entrevistas cognitivas. En el proceso de entrevistas cognitivas participaron 20 adultos mayores con edades comprendidas entre 63 y 83 años. Resultados Todos los ítems fueron evaluados como claros y comprensibles. Mediante la técnica de parafraseo e indagación 3 ítems (de un total de 16) se tuvieron que adaptar para lograr una mejor comprensión. Dos de estas adaptaciones consistieron en reemplazar un concepto por uno más utilizado en el contexto chileno y otra modificación fue en relación con la redacción, puesto que su lectura resultaba compleja para esta población. Conclusiones Se obtuvo una versión en español del cuestionario EFAS, la cual demostró ser comprensible y adaptada para su uso en adultos mayores chilenos.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To translate and culturally adapt the Exercise Fear Avoidance Scale (EFAS) Into Spanish for Chilean older adults. Materials and Methods Double direct translation with harmonization, back translation and analysis of text comprehensibility through cognitive interviews. A sample of 20 older adults between the ages of 63 and 83 participated in the cognitive interview process. Results All items were assessed as clear and understandable. Using the paraphrasing and inquiry techniques, 3 items (out of 16) were adapted to achieve better understanding. Two of these adaptations consisted in replacing one concept with another, as the latter was more used in the Chilean context, and making a non-literal translation, since the literal one was too complex for the elderly to understand. Conclusions A Spanish version of the EFAS was obtained, which proved to be understandable and adapted for its use with Chilean older adults.(AU)

OBJETIVO Traduza e adapte culturalmente o questionário da Escala de Evitação do Medo do Exercício (EFAS) ao espanhol para uso em idosos chilenos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS Tradução direta dupla com harmonização de versões, retrotradução e análise de compreensibilidade por meio de entrevistas cognitivas. Vinte idosos entre 63 e 83 anos participaram do processo de entrevista cognitiva. RESULTADOS Todos os itens foram avaliados como claros e compreensíveis. Usando a paráfrase e a técnica de investigação, três itens (de um total de 16) tiveram que ser adaptados para alcançar uma melhor compreensão. Duas dessas adaptações consistiram em substituir um conceito por outro mais utilizado no contexto chileno e outra modificação em relação à redação, uma vez que sua leitura era complexa para essa população. CONCLUSÕES Foi obtida uma versão em espanhol do questionário EFAS, que se mostrou compreensível e adaptado para uso em idosos chilenos.(AU)

Differences Between High vs. Low Performance Chess Players in Heart Rate Variability During Chess Problems.

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) has been considered as a measure of heart-brain interaction and autonomic modulation, and it is modified by cognitive and attentional tasks. In cognitive tasks, HRV was reduced in participants who achieved worse results. This could indicate the possibility of HRV predicting cognitive performance, but this association is still unclear in a high cognitive load sport such as chess. Objective: To analyze modifications on HRV and subjective perception of stress, difficulty and complexity in different chess problem tasks. Design: HRV was assessed at baseline. During the chess problems, HRV was also monitored, and immediately after chess problems the subjective stress, difficulty and complexity were also registered. Methods: A total of 16 male chess players, age: 35.19 (13.44) and ELO: 1927.69 (167.78) were analyzed while six chess problem solving tasks with different level of difficulty were conducted (two low level, two medium level and two high level chess problems). Participants were classified according to their results into two groups: high performance or low performance. Results: Friedman test showed a significant effect of tasks in HRV indexes and perceived difficulty, stress and complexity in both high and low performance groups. A decrease in HRV was observed in both groups when chess problems difficulty increased. In addition, HRV was significantly higher in the high performance group than in the low performance group during chess problems. Conclusion: An increase in autonomic modulation was observed to meet the cognitive demands of the problems, being higher while the difficulty of the tasks increased. Non-linear HRV indexes seem to be more reactive to tasks difficulty, being an interesting and useful tool in chess training.

[Translation and cultural adaptation of the Exercise Fear Avoidance Scale for Chilean older adults]. / Traducción y adaptación cultural del cuestionario Exercise Fear Avoidance Scale para su uso en adultos mayores chilenos.

OBJECTIVE: To translate and culturally adapt the Exercise Fear Avoidance Scale (EFAS) Into Spanish for Chilean older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Double direct translation with harmonization, back translation and analysis of text comprehensibility through cognitive interviews. A sample of 20 older adults between the ages of 63 and 83 participated in the cognitive interview process. RESULTS: All items were assessed as clear and understandable. Using the paraphrasing and inquiry techniques, 3 items (out of 16) were adapted to achieve better understanding. Two of these adaptations consisted in replacing one concept with another, as the latter was more used in the Chilean context, and making a non-literal translation, since the literal one was too complex for the elderly to understand. CONCLUSIONS: A Spanish version of the EFAS was obtained, which proved to be understandable and adapted for its use with Chilean older adults.

OBJETIVO: Traducir y adaptar culturalmente el cuestionario Exercise Fear Avoidance Scale (EFAS) al español para su uso en adultos mayores chilenos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Doble traducción directa con armonización de versiones, retro-traducción y análisis de la comprensibilidad mediante entrevistas cognitivas. En el proceso de entrevistas cognitivas participaron 20 adultos mayores con edades comprendidas entre 63 y 83 años. RESULTADOS: Todos los ítems fueron evaluados como claros y comprensibles. Mediante la técnica de parafraseo e indagación 3 ítems (de un total de 16) se tuvieron que adaptar para lograr una mejor comprensión. Dos de estas adaptaciones consistieron en reemplazar un concepto por uno más utilizado en el contexto chileno y otra modificación fue en relación con la redacción, puesto que su lectura resultaba compleja para esta población. CONCLUSIONES: Se obtuvo una versión en español del cuestionario EFAS, la cual demostró ser comprensible y adaptada para su uso en adultos mayores chilenos.

Validity and Reliability of the WIMUTM Inertial Device for the Assessment of Joint Angulations.

Range of motion measurement is fundamental in the physical examination and functional evaluation of different joints. WIMUTM is an inertial device that allows the analysis of joint motion easily in real time. This study had a two-fold goal: (i) to evaluate the validity of WIMUTM on the measurement of different angle positions, compared with a standard goniometer and 2D video-based motion analysis software; and (ii) to evaluate the use of WIMUTM in the assessment of angulations in a joint, specifically assessing the validity and reliability of WIMUTM on the measurement of ankle dorsiflexion, compared to a standard goniometer and Kinovea. The intraclass correlation coefficient and Pearson´s correlation coefficient (r) were performed to calculate the concurrent validity, and Bland-Altman plots were performed to analyze agreement between measures. For the analysis of reliability, both relative and absolute indices were used. The results showed excellent validity and reliability of WIMUTM in the assessment of angle positions and ankle dorsiflexion. The current findings conclude that WIMUTM is a valid and reliable instrument to measure angle and joint motions. In short, WIMUTM provides a new clinical and sportive method of angle measurement.